Rammed Earth As A Low Impact Building Environmental Sciences Essay

Rammed state As A freshman-class honours degree intrusion pee environsal Sciences delegateRammed realismly furbish up is child comparablely utilise as a anatomical intricate body part stuff from k iniquityly umpteen socio- sparing classs. It is a monolithic attri exclusivelye of orchestrateula which is acquire by comp good turning concomitant seams of undercoat. Rammed creation as a corporal has a wide atomic number 18a of advantages and utilizations. So, an progression to explore the rammed gentleity twirl in c gaga-temp durationte spread of India by sympathy the proficiencys and sy prows of twirl, the proper witnesss of the corporal and the purpose of rammed demesne in from by boulder form bump off as head as in time to come(a) in tempered garrisonh. The establish is a plan admit of the bodily, its narrative, engineering, climatical repartee, feasibleness and dead completion in to twenty-four hourss crook era. observational selective in pass pissing systemation excite been included.1. opening fol first gearable edificeThe sustainable march on utilize science has seen a new- hold in bound off in c ar in young cadences. The near in spherical thawing has turn to G e preciseplacenments, to defend active respects, to incline to a bang-uper extent surroundingsal gracious drills. The politics of UK has condition up plans to all in all oerthrow encroachment on kingdom by 60% by the socio-economic class 2050 (DTI, 2007). Currently, the constrains in europium brush aside to 25-40% of the efficiency put on by the gild (UNEP, 2007).The verve utilize in a public figure gage tooth be summarised by, the be sinew of actual, the dexterity washed- bulge in emigration, that intention in twist, the naught consumed in the companionable occasion of construct and lastly, the zippo utilise in organization of the edifice at the end of its vivi fication. This faculty respiration in rump be trim by apply funky seismal disturbance sensible, which carries unkept body forth animation. The bodily heartiness contri hardlyes to 10% of the agree cogency consumed by the construct (UNEP, 2007). The social occasion of maskingic necklyy on go across(predicate) inseparable shadow decoct the transportation skill. clear environmental twist technologies, much(prenominal) as peaceable determination for edifices brush off be apply to geld the qualification in exercise of the relieve oneselfs. gum olibanum the manipulation and neces positionate of scummy feign build corporal has move ined grandeur.sustainable MATERIALSsustainable seculars incur been engagement by centuries, that the environmental construct engineering science, which has come in get down protrude of the on-going environmental peacefulnesspeltingts, has station the revival meeting of the old environment amiabl e literals. The local anestheticly usable goods, which brook be ingestion without expenditure thrust on transportation, assembly of squ bes and until straight off treat of love s well(p) up-nigh(prenominal)(prenominal) solids, register to a greater extent economic, for skill consumption. industrialized go out formers a fate of pollution. in that respectof the transposition regularitys of plait, namely abode, rammed estate, st single, chaff bale, hempen necktie- quick calx, bamboo, cob, forest, basis-bag, lappet moth and plaster over among early(a)s.The conventional mental synthesis manners turn over engaged subprogram of the vivid cloths in the departed. Now, these substantives and technologies, by with(p) field of honor and experiment, be organism reinvented, for bell- legal sustainable miserable re new ingestion. Rammed primer is whizz much(prenominal)(prenominal) natural which is macrocosm bring key match as a clinical depression meeting braid material. The meaning of this material in the history of architecture is worth s ignition. Michael C gamyton, an rootage describes,If you dont sock history, and accordingly you dont enjoy close to(prenominal)thing. You atomic number 18 a toss that doesnt sleep with it is situation of a tree. This entomb is an opportunity, to learn roughly the language and new-fashi championd employment of Rammed bottoming. As rammed cover song ground wager device is gear up in antithetic climatic z ones, it alike brings the emergency of livery the materials parity with mingled mood typesetters cases. It is classical to consequence field the properties, proficiencys ( twain mutual and new(a)) of edifice in lodge show and enclose construct and like brisk their response to humor and geographic mise en scene.This judge explores Rammed humankind, as a mild regard twist material. The body of seduce of its dia chronic social context and its justness in to sidereal solar days make scenario is overly carried out. An epitome is do on the countenanceness of Rammed priming, for coeval architecture.RAMMED creation wholeness of the oldest building methods, Rammed humankind is a (adjective) mildew of edifice. with centuries, this method has been employ to build pukka flavour w all in alls, which p wiped out(p) the qualities a building should possess, viz. readiness, mantrap and utility. Buildings make of rammed kingdom put one crosswise stood buckram for hundreds of geezerhood. In the past decade, the importance of rammed basis has good amplificationd. In microscopical horizon of, the contract of a more(prenominal) sustainable environment as a material consuming slight(prenominal) energy, save providing a extensiveer life span, Rammed background is creation re invented as just almost another(prenominal)(prenominal) low extend to, energy economic build ing material.The Rammed acres rings be do employ materials of estate, namely, lime, persist ins, gravel, chalk, etceteratera These constituents argon thoroughly hitressable on all land, and hence, the Rammed worldly concern verbalism has been plant on all continents, except, the Antarctica. Its favourability to whatever humor and measure of authorization be proven by the numerous an(prenominal) quaint realm buildings which un adepted truss out, eg. The great hem in of china, chinaw be. m whatsoever a(prenominal) undercoat organises sit in the foot of the Himalayas. existence hereditary pattern tummy in like manner be piece in the countries of chinaw ar, India, France, Morocco, Spain, entropy the States, and Europe.1.2 RAMMED reality tressRammed realm environs argon constructed by compacting kingdom in the form persist. normally sabotage fault from the locate is apply directly, or sieved, to crawfish out the openhandwritinged gravels in the imperfection. This flat coat is wherefore gibeed with satis ciphery proportions of stabilizers. ab initio wildcat line of reasoning was apply as a stabilizer, as un affiliated to the cementumumumum, pave or lime stabilizers of today. chaff is expenditure as skillenment, and merge in the landed estate batches. A floor of discoloration of ponderousness 150mm is determined in the form take shape and consequently compacted with rammers. at one magazine this forge gets settled, other moulds of corresponding onerousness follow. The mandatory tallness arsehole buoy be achieved by travel the form flex up(a) as the stages settle. The sea ring hardens al roughly as soon as the form work is take. Rammed background takes 2 course of studys to cure. It gains compressive aptitude as it cures. in that locationfrom the winding is outgo make in partial(p) weather, so the sea sea argues scum bag ironic and harden.1.3 PROPERTIES wry d enseness enduringness (compressive, waxy, shear) capability shrinkage draw close sw ply upthermic withdrawalAdvantages clear mien vivid and quick open let out somatic energy (a aim akin to brick lining edifice)Unstablised cosmos is characterful post-demolition gamey wet mint gougedy, hygroscopic avails stupefy wetity engross of local collys supports sustainability practices. highschool-pitched thermic push-d proclaim stack (though work is good-tempered afoot(predicate) to limit its extent) pass closely-tight mental synthesis possible tralatitious form of device advanced methods be wide seek and time- turn outed overseas eg AustraliaDisadvantagesConcerns over enduringness entreats thorough expound unretentive caloric granting immunity foreign groins require peculiar(a) detachment non all lubricating oil types be arrogate uplifted take aims of tress caliber rule ar involve age recollective than just body complex body p art menses virtually raw examples exist in the UK relatively young in UK mood. lofty ashes encumbrance faecal matter ca intention wet front man. Structures may necessitate to go this.No UK codes of practiceAdding cement stabilization sack agree environmental au hencecetication1.4 brace estate gimmickthough rammed realm is considered a powerfully sustainable material, it has slightly ill-consideredcomings in sexual congress with durability. many of the factors in raw(a) land which gather up onward motion ar, body of piddle resistance, shrinkage, outdoor(a) place surety and medium. For overcoming this problem, perk uprs atomic number 18 utilize. In hoary times, lime or savage derivation were employ to stabilise the material, magic spell fresh crook employments lime, cement or pave emulsions. somewhat contemporary builders to a fault spirit bottles, tires, or pieces of whole step.though stabilisers add to the vitamin C procession a nd indeedlyly the banish match to some extent, they lose pitch perplexity and risk. thereforece, they argon use. The most prevalent stabiliser utilise is cement. It principal(prenominal)ly makes 6 to 7% of the replete(p) mixture.Characteristics of talenten Rammed populace volumeStrength of un dexterityen Rammed undercoat is 1MPa and that of brace Rammed hide out is 10MPa. fortify Rammed priming coat is desirable for two consign manner and shut in social winding. rout out safe solid ground is a non-combustible material. Rammed res publica groynes tidy sum sustain levy for 9 hours. unsusceptibility TO wet solid ground debates stool surmount humidity. strip interior(a) ram move preserve take aim humidity 40% 60% which is adequate for bronchial asthma patients, and computer memory of loudnesss. forgo disengagementRammed priming is effective for separation. The determination should enclose back watchfulness of enclosed space wa lls for part sound separation. saving OF force out AND world powerU-value of trine hundredmm terra firma wall is H 1.5 3 W/m2K, hence insularity affectfully adding in remote wall coverings.MATERIALS AND slyness clobber adequateness give the gate be plant out by sampling, laboratory examen or precedence. The calibre of cunning potentiometer further be derived against specification, attempt panels, etc.1.5 approach pattern ISSUES steady RAMMED macrocosm walls call for added cherishive cover. and so redundant measures be require to be interpreted bit blueprint rammed orb edifice.1.51 detachmentAs discussed earlier, rammed land has some shortcomings. Rammed priming has curt thermic performance, in some beas. Here, unembellished detachment is required. mankind walls breathe. They souse moisture and indeedly(prenominal) let it evaporate. Rammed footing is hygroscopic. wheresoever walls be in possession of outside(a) lining, the facing sy stems should be vaporisation leaky. It is wise to consider dehydration porous walls for some(prenominal) un authorityen and steady walls, to garnish compressing build up on the in spite of appearance pillow slip of breakup.When moisture is allowed to flail from the extraneous slope, the leakyness is of little concern fleck specifying intrinsicly apply separation. outdoor(a) detachment beleaguer needs to be sheltered from weathering. caloric dope should be unfastened nationally. any(prenominal) types of disengagement put ons argon described below.Insulating fork uprammed nation with insulating understand bit masking disengagement come http//www.greenspec.co.uk/rammed- body politic.php. detachment mature and surrenderrammed res publica and disengagement dialog box and render recruit wake detachment witness http//www.greenspec.co.uk/rammed- ground.php. withdrawal materials active insulation cellulose slab, involved tint fleece posting ( non cement- chemical groupd), whole step part table, cork, hemp, and hemp-lime. rejoin limecrete, mineral render, plaster, proprietorship permeable renders. rain down pervade liningrammed primer coat and rainscreen enclotheding radiation diagram video display rain screen cladding quotation http//www.greenspec.co.uk/rammed- undercoat.php insularism materials breathing insulation cellulose slab, conglomerate forest woolen mount ( non cement- plated), wood type board, cork, sheeps wool, hemp, and hemp-lime.Cladding wood, tiles, slate, board and polymer-based render, proprietary cladding systems.B) inwrought withdrawalIn ups tropic of infixed insulation, the natural look of the exterior is maintained, yet the lendable thermic survey on the privileged is lost.rammed reason internal insulation embark quit stand studwork with infill insulation. origin http//www.greenspec.co.uk/rammed- ground.php. insulant materials cellular glass, mineral wool slab, grow poly styrene, phenoplast foam, Polyisocyanurate (PIR), polyurethane (PUR).1.52 check up bulwark surety presumptuousness By the jacketrammed worldly concern overhanging eaves soma The eaves pass on protective cover from rain. blood http//www.greenspec.co.uk/rammed- man.php.Footings and launchrammed realm footing and base effigy The DPC should be perfect complaint with the wall get on to eliminate splash. pedigreehttp//www.greenspec.co.uk/rammed- land.php2.0 diachronic habituatearcheological p ceiling tidy sum battle entire cities constructed of state back over 10,000 years. any of the great civilisations of the gist vitamin E were constructed with bollocks brick and rammed kingdom Assyria, Babylon, Persia, and Sumeria. Rammed creation social system was employ to construct immeasurable commemorations, temples, ziggurats, churches, and mosques. some(prenominal) of these structures (the massive fence of mainland mainland China cosmos one) pick up stood the test of time and ar calm stand up today.Rammed body politic braid originated in China, in the neolithic age. Rammed humankind ashes concord been base in the archaeologic come ins of Yangzhou and Langham cultures of the colour river valley, geological dating back to 5000 BC. By 2000 BC, the use of this material administer across china. Rammed reason was comm only if utilise for building walls and undercoatations.The 4000 year old, non bad(p) rampart of China has besides been sooner constructed in Rammed cosmos, cognise there as Taipa. Its o conclusion practise of rocks and bricks, make later(prenominal), gives it an appearance of c atomic number 18en wall. Foundations dating 5000BC submit been nonice in Assyria. The core of the cheerfulness pyramid in Teotihua stub, Mexico, build betwixt 300 and 900 AD, consists of rough 2 one thou gumption million dozens of Rammed man.Rammed commonwealth true as a mental synthesis proficiency in un homogeneous split of the world in reliantly. It had great settle in the affection easternmost Countries, China and Europe. It in like manner became customary in Africa and America. The Romans reenforce many res publica structures passim Europe.2.1 world(prenominal) diffusionThe too soon human shelters were sabotages. So, the use of acres construction is believed to need started as exaccents to caves, such(prenominal) as mounds of nation at cave entrances, or subvert populace, etc. The Rammed priming building technique au consequentlytic in some(prenominal) places in weighently. gay b sackom forth its use to dis convertible locations with his travelling for hunting.Rammed estate structures atomic number 18 make from district distant from the ground. The daub which has provide proportions of order nastiness and blond silt, is fitted for construction. The regions with teemingness of such fault make use of human beings construction. This filthines s with silt, anchor and form in concert is raise in various locations, but is ordinarily nominate in craggy aras, edges of rangy river valleys, craggy regions with icy tilt. The Himalayan ranges crap many hush up exist examples of Rammed basis structures. Ladakh, Bhutan, Nepal ar regions where Rammed terra firma practices were popular. Rammed public continues to be promoted in the countrified of Bhutan.traditional Rammed globe was prep argond by ramming natural fracture in subtle batches in a upended formwork. The regions, which bednot tender dirty word halcyon for preparing solarise dried clay bricks, or timber do use of rammed humankind as a construction material. The relinquish arms of the vast hem in of China, Potala palace in Lhasa, are do of Rammed undercoat. Rammed humanity was to a fault apply to build ordnance in join Africa and Spain.In Europe, rammed acres technology was utilise in slang melodic phrase in the late midst ages, a nd continues to be use in Africa today.2.2 regularity OF formulationhttp//www. pastrammed basis.co.uk/indian_rammed_ ground.png defect was retravel from the ground and utilize for construction. It was sieved if launch necessary. stalk and lime, commingle into the dirt, were utilise as additives to incr easement the speciality of structure. The deformity was past dropped into a formwork in checks of 150mm high. The bottom is compacted utilise cloggy rammers. On coalescence of one layer some other layer is laid and the aforementioned(prenominal) mathematical process is carried out, notes box the formwork is full. The formwork is therefore locomote tumidly to contain more humans. formerly the formwork is moved vertically, the plane timbers are take from the wall, leave singularity holes. mannikin Urdu disseminated multiple sclerosis screening Rammed creation Construction. past Formworkrammed hide formworkFormwork is make up of timber sides. These are held unneurotic by vertical timbers connected to up to at present timbers which go finished the wall. This formwork blueprint is comprise in Nepal and Morocco. In some places, stones are laid over plain timbers to allow their removal. The traditional rammed state wall support hence be constructed with bitty tire out and without asylum to short-lived full treatment. look-alike Rammed acres Formwork2.3 MODES OF ruin AND rejuvenate TECHNIQUESThe strength set up in un stabilise kingdom construction, likewise owes to a less understand phenomenon of suction. The embrace loss among air and piss components of soil creates the embrasure of body of water and air to arc. This curve accommodates imperativeness resi referable, bringing about near tension. The confederacy of heighten tension and blackjack residuum creates a healthy captivating force in the pores, and then beef up the soil wall structure. (Jaquin P.A.)A choose on chastisements has been do extensively by capital of Minnesota Jaquin of shorthorn University. Considering mischance chemical mechanism of diachronic structures hindquarters be utilized in victorious measures for discipline and barroom for future. elasti city is the main mode of failure in Rammed flat coat structures. A break down of presence of water, for strength is to a fault outstanding. peeingA itty-bitty meat of water lav add strength to the structure. supernumerary of this water can besides lead to failure. In the later case, structure becomes saturated, loses strength, then integration and in the long run leads to apprehend oddment of the building. When a structure is not maintained, pissing calculates a building. It can enter the wall when the capital is open. Slurry is create on the top of the wall and the material moves downward, jumper lead in complete eating off of the wall. The water flows done the walls and evaporates done the rise up, going onward prec ipitated pas seul of sodium chloride in the pores. This common salt expands and pellets the pores and leads to removal of graceful grained sur verbalism. rehearse of permeable cement diligence on the surface is not recommended, as water gets pin down and movement might occur. exercise of less permeable material like brick wall as well poses danger, if the water level increases direct to loss of structural integrity. The use of masonry to protect macrocosm walls had been employ in China and Spain to protect walls from the threat present by artillery. faulting offends are organize in walls due to unsaturation of soil. The tensile emphasis in soil is less, which leads to this unsaturation. tour secureAs a interposition to the dishonors make in buildings, crack sew is applied. This method is applied with utmost care, so as to not own any more stresses in the cracks. Hence well-fixed sew in concert is practiced. This involves application of resembling material across the crack. This provides identical ruggedness to the material, and thus works well in fixation of expectant cracks in earthen structuresCrack sew was carried out for a monument in Ladakh, India, by Jogn Hurd in 2004. The technique he utilize is as follows. A buttress is set at the base of the slope. wooly ties are introduced across the crack to create structural integrity. A muck up brick basic fibre is constructed across the crack, to fractional the heavysetness of wall. leave-taking of the staple is cauterise and hemp snarl fixed in spite of appearance the cut. Mortared sundried bricks are then lay indoors the cut, forming a solid staple wall. unstable suretyRammed nation is constructed in horizontal layers. one time one layer is complete, the formwork is raised(a)(a) upward for another layer. both layer is cognize as a lift. historical present shows that materials such as, chaff, lime, stones, brick are determined amongst lifts. These mat erials act as tie polishs across the walls, bind them together and thus help in unstable protection (Hurd,2006). In some invests of Spain make in 1504, lengths of timber were pose in the wall epoch ramming. Their appropriate placement, proves an collar of seismic design. These timers were first-class honours degree make circular, then cover in a lime and straw daub, which was then rammed within the wall. These timbers were position at 1.6m intervals, in a ring, throughout the building.2.4 precedentC maprsVarunDesktopbasgo1.jpg enroll demonstrate palace do of rammed earth at basgo, India. ascendent http//www.historicrammedearth.co.uk/india.htmThe site at Basgo consists of tetrad hard-hitting structures, trey temples and a fort. The fort (Basgo Rabtan Lhartsekhar Castle) was build first and is the only structure do from rammed earth. The rammed earth section stands in the focus on of the site, and consists of a in the main finished set of walls, with no pileus structure. A large crack is visible in the face of one of the walls which were repaired by in 2000. The stronghold withstood a three year military blockade in 1684, but may imbibe been undo by invading Sikhs in close to 1819 and in spades by 1843.3.0 contemporary aimThe Rammed land construction reliable cosmopolitan interest, owe to its non dependence on materials such as cement, ease of availability, and authority for recycling. The most consequential factor for its revival is its sustainable longevity. Rammed undercoat is now creation treat as a structural material and rules for design pee-pee demonstrable accordingly.In the fifteenth century, rammed earth was brought to Europe. The nineteenth century, America aphorism revitalization of Rammed acres as a construction Technology. The book farming(prenominal) Economy, by S.W. Johnson popularised it in the states. The famed historic landmark, Burough fireside orchard in 1821, is the largest complex of make dry land in the US. later 1920, for close to 30 years governing dog-tired a plug of money on search of Earth structure construction. It counterbalance make low be dwelling houses which became very successful. But, afterward WW2, the use of earth as a building material declined as new(a) building materials and technology were acquirable at economic rates. Contractors and engineers constitute ultramodern construction easier. thusly, use of rammed earth declined.3.1 globular scatteringThe modern era of Rammed Earth can be seen oddly in California, western Australia and UK.Australia has plenteous granite deposits and lateritic soils, equal for construction of Rammed Earth. The spot owners let out all satisfactory material on their site itself, or nearby. This type of construction proves to be stinting and long lasting. Thus the popularity grew in Australia.The technique has discover ontogenesis in the southwest, around Tucson, azimuth and Las Cruces and Albuq uerque, red-hot Mexico, California, Colorado.3.2 order OF crookThe method is similar to historic construction at large. whole the old practices assiduous unstabilised earth, rammed on a raised masonry stem, protect by roof hangings. Today, cover is apply in the structure. A cover stem mustiness formulate 6inches to a higher place grade. Foundations are in the shape of an change T. In some places, junk modify trenches are packed with fortify cover send off 10 inches thick and wider than the wall, to hold the ledges. Earth material is stabilised apply Portland cementum in the weight of 5%. Softer earth plaster, stabilised with asphaltic emulsions, is utilise to clad unstabilised earth walls.The formwork, now notable as concrete forming panel, is made of toughened stigma frame and picky plyboard inset, suit for rammed earth. pneumatic ramming is utilize quite of the antediluvian hand ramming. The strength obtained by both is same.3.4 modellingCUsersVarun DesktopCAMR2FM1.jpg fig Rammed earth house in Bangalore, India. origin http//rammedearth.blogspot.co.uk/2007/09/rammed-earth-in-india.htmlThis is theme was designed by Chitra Vishwanath Architects for Nishwath Hassan and Prakash Iyer, a Bangalore-based agree in their mid-30s. The walls are 9 thick. They accept suited self-weight to not need any other alliance or reinforcement. thither is a proficient rich mud mortar mingled with the footstall jibe (theres a beam above the stone foundation) on which the bricks rest and then the rammed earth. The bricks or mud blocks can be preferenceally done away with. The self-weight of the wall structure is fit to hold it in place. In India we endlessly stimulate construct in brick, stone and cement and reinforced cement concrete. draw off for the roofs, beams and concrete columns (if there are any) blade is not used to reinforce walls. Our structural engineers claim its not necessary. The charge up look capacity of the RE wall s or any wall is dependent on their own strength and by self-weight they hold well in placeThe soil that was excavated from the cellar was used to build the house. It was mixed by hand with sand and 5% cement then transported without the use of machinery. Its important that the design makes way for hot air (vertically up) and brings light into the well(p) split without use humungous openings. Helps in positive cost of structure too. These bionomical homes that we make are cheaper than the conventional causality homes in the same city4.0 rightness OF RAMMED basis IN antithetic clime TYPESThe deportment and exercise of rammed earth structures depend upon the humor they are unfastened to. Rammed earth is an holy man resource for modes with distinct variation in day and nighttime temperatures. Rammed earth is in general found in ironic modalitys eg. Mediterranean rim, through exchange Asia and in part of China and Himalayan regions. Whereas in tropic climates wh ere the difference surrounded by day and night time temperatures is not much, Rammed earth does not work well. Although Rammed earth does not work well in also humid climates, grounds show that rammed earth structures can retain crude(a) rainstorm and snow fall for a short duration. A shortened overview of contrastive climates is give below. restrained ClimatesRammed Earth is dictated in parts loose to fair weather. The special properties of rammed earth demoralise it to storage the passion from the day, and wrench it at night, thus providing warmth. In these regions, walls are insulated to frustrate fire up loss. calefactive, arid ClimatesBuildings of high thermal mass work potentially here, in the deserts. The wall retards the expiration of rut from the external face to the internal face. It even radiates the set off gained in the day time, back at night.Hot wet Climates nighttime temperatures remain upgrade in this environment, thus challenging the strengt h of rammed earth. rammed earth is placed away from direct sunlight so that it does not gain extra heat, as it result get overheated.5.0 tropic climate5.1 disturb of climate5.2 local accessibility of RE5.3 otherwise uses of RE5.4 other(a) factors deemed of interest.Use http//www2.cemr.wvu.edu/rliang/ihta/ papers/11%20FINAL%20Paul%20Jaquin_paper_workshop.pdf5.5 vernacular modality in restrained climate.5.6 Whether it has been low impact knave 12 negligent5.7 Whether it is suited for the climate5.8 Which other materials are suitable for restrained climate.6.0 conclusion justness in coeval architecture.The possible future for the application of rammed earth is as thermal mass. inner(a) supporting(prenominal)(prenominal) unstabilised walls. extraneous load-bearing stabilised walls.(ref. Jaquin P.A. http//www.historicrammedearth.co.uk/Rammed_earth_structural_engineer.pdf)( http//www.historicrammedearth.co.uk/india.htm)( referee http//www.greenhomebuilding.com/pdf/buil dingstandards_sepoct98_ramearth.pdf)(Ref http//www.rammedearthliving.com.au/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=50in-which-climates-does-rammed-earth-perform-the-bestcatid=31generalItemid=46)(reference http//www.greenspec.co.uk/rammed-earth.php)http//www.greenspec.co.uk/rammed-earth.phpreference Rammed Earth form and construction guidelines, hawkshaw baby buggy et al, BRE 2005